{"id":9794,"date":"2014-09-23T10:56:00","date_gmt":"2014-09-23T10:56:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/archive.globallandscapesforum.org\/glf-2014\/?page_id=9794"},"modified":"2014-11-18T13:23:36","modified_gmt":"2014-11-18T06:23:36","slug":"inspiration-facts-figures","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/archive.globallandscapesforum.org\/glf-2014\/data-landscapes-infographic-data-visualization-competition\/inspiration-facts-figures\/","title":{"rendered":"For inspiration : Facts and figures"},"content":{"rendered":"

About landscapes<\/strong><\/p>\n

An Integrated Landscape Approach to land management is broadly defined as a framework to integrate policy and practice for multiple land uses, within a given area, to ensure equitable and sustainable use of land while strengthening measures to mitigate and adapt to climate change. It also aims to balance competing demands on land through the implementation of adaptive management strategies.<\/p>\n

Although primarily rooted in conservation and the science of landscape ecology, a landscape approach is multi-faceted<\/a> [1] and seeks to address the increasingly complex and widespread environmental, social and political challenges that transcend traditional management boundaries. As such, it requires a multidisciplinary approach that engages stakeholders at a range of levels from local to national. In order to reflect the multi-faceted nature of landscapes and the diversity of landscape approaches, contest submissions portraying this complexity in an accessible manner will be given special attention.<\/p>\n

What is a landscape?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cLandscape = \u201cA place with governance in place\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

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A place: A landscape is a geographical area that can be of any size \u2014 from very small to very large.<\/em><\/li>\n
With governance in place: There exists institution(s) that will consider options for the landscape and set priorities. The formalization level of this governance can vary, from informal to formal.<\/em>\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Peter Holmgren, On Landscapes \u2013 Part 2: What are Landscapes<\/a>.[2] See also:\u00a0 Part 1: Why are landscapes important?<\/a>[3]<\/p>\n
$\"information\"$ <\/a><\/p>\n
What is a landscape approach?<\/strong><\/p>\n
\u201cA landscape approach is essentially managing complex landscapes in an integrated fashion, in a holistic fashion, incorporating all the different land uses within those landscapes in a single management process<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n
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\u00a0 Q&A: Scientist Terry Sunderland Describes the Landscapes Approach<\/a>\u00a0[5]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Key introductory materials: Some thought-starters<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n
10 Principles for a landscape approach reconciling agriculture, conservation & other competing land uses<\/a>[4]<\/li>\n
\u00a0 Q&A: Scientist Terry Sunderland describes the \u201clandscapes approach\u201d<\/a>[5]<\/li>\n
VIDEO: A short guide to the \u2018landscape approach\u2019<\/a>[6]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Statistics, facts and figures by thematic area<\/h3>\n
Once again, be creative in linking themes, disciplines, geographic areas, types of data and statistics\u2013 special attention will be given to submissions that look at integration of multiple perspectives, interdisciplinarity and take a holistic view.<\/p>\n
The global landscape is constantly evolving \u2013 Trends and projections predict increasing pressure on landscapes around the world<\/h4>\n
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The world population is predicted to increase to 9.6 billion people by 2050. For more predicted population trends see for example:\u00a0 summary of the\u00a0 World Population Prospects: the 2012 Revision<\/a>\u00a0[7] and associated datasets<\/a>. [8]<\/li>\n
This population increase, alongside other societal trends, lead to current estimates projecting a 100% increase in food production, that will result in the conversion of roughly 1 billion hectares of land by 2050 (see\u00a0 Tilman et al. 2011, Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture<\/a>[9]).<\/li>\n
In the shorter term, global demand for food is expected to grow by 50% by 2030 (see for example figures from the\u00a0 European Development Report 2013<\/a>,[10] or the prospective report:\u00a0 World Agriculture towards 2030\/2050 (Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN)<\/a>[11])<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
However, the food crisis is already occurring now<\/h4>\n
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It is currently estimated that 868 million people do not have access to sufficient calories (more in information on food insecurity in the FAO, IFAD, WFP report,\u00a0 \u201cThe State of Food Insecurity\u201d<\/a>[12])<\/li>\n
\u00a0In terms of nutrition, estimates for the number of people who are micronutrient deficient are more than twice that, at over 2 billion people. [12]<\/li>\n
The health impacts of undernourishment are enormous: it is estimated to account for 15% of global disease (Synthesis Report of the International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD)<\/a>[13])<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
In landscapes around the world, producing food via agriculture remains and increasingly is a central land-use<\/h4>\n
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Each year, 13 million hectares of forest area are lost due to land conversion for agricultural uses as pastures or cropland, for both food and livestock feed crop production. [14]<\/li>\n
Changing diets and increasing demand for meat currently bring the area used for livestock grazing at 26% (of the Planet\u2019s ice-free land), while 33% of croplands are used for livestock feed production. (Read more about livestock in landscapes in the\u00a0 FAO Livestock and Landscapes Factsheet<\/a>[14])<\/li>\n
The intensified animal density per area has led to 20% of the world grasslands to be in a degraded condition. [14]<\/li>\n
\u00a0Although commercial, large-scale agriculture has taken an important place in food production systems, 40% of global food production still comes from diverse small-holder agricultural systems in multi-functional landscapes (read more on food systems and biodiversity by reading the outcome of an FAO-hosted expert workshop\u00a0 here<\/a>[15]).<\/li>\n
This multi-functionality of landscapes has notably been highlighted in the first global study by FAO and ICRAF of \u2018trees outside forests\u2019, which found that 46% of total agricultural land has at least 10% tree cover (access the full report\u00a0 here<\/a>[16]).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Forest Landscapes provide crucial services to human well-being \u2013 but are facing pressures as well<\/h4>\n
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Forests still cover a third of our planet\u2019s land (find out more with the FAO\u00a0 Global Forest Resource Assessment 2010<\/a>\u00a0data [17]), covering an estimated 4 billion hectares in total (many more data can be accessed through the\u00a0 FAO\u2019s data portal<\/a>\u00a0[18]l)\u2026<\/li>\n
however, about 60 000 km2 (an area roughly the size of Ireland) of primary forest continues to be lost, or modified by logging or other human interventions each year. [17]<\/li>\n
This pressure is mostly a result of commercial agriculture, the most important driver of deforestation, followed by subsistence agriculture. Timber extraction and logging drives most of the degradation, followed by fuelwood collection and charcoal production, uncontrolled fire and livestock grazing. (read more in Hosonuma et al., 2012, \u201cAn assessment of deforestation and forest degradation drivers in developing countries\u201d<\/a>\u00a0[19])<\/li>\n
Although forests can be sustainably managed via forest plantations, and the area covered by these is increasing, but makes up less than 5% of overall forest area. [19]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Productive landscapes: Landscapes are a key economic resource to hundreds of millions worldwide<\/h4>\n
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An estimated 1.6 billion people use forests as sources of livelihoods and income (gathering building materials, fruits, nuts, mushrooms, honey and medicinal plants, harvesting wood, grazing livestock, hunting game\u2026). Find more forest facts in the\u00a0 CPF Factsheets<\/a>\u00a0on sustainable forest management [20]and in the\u00a0 Agrawal et al. 2013<\/a>\u00a0background document to a UNFCC meeting [21] addressing the economic contributions of forests.<\/li>\n
Forests provide formal employment to 13.2 million people worldwide and a source of income in informal\u00a0 systems to at least another 41 million (more in the\u00a0 Forests, Food Security and Nutrition \u2013 CIFOR Factsheet<\/a>)<\/li>\n
Overall, an estimated 20% of rural income is derived from the environment (see more in the\u00a0 Wunder et al. 2014<\/a>\u00a0paper on Forests, Livelihoods and Conservation [22])<\/li>\n
In addition to rural livelihoods, trade flows also reach deep into the forest: the global trade in wood and wood products was worth over US$ 200 billion in 2010 (more on wood trade flows in on the\u00a0 FAO website<\/a>page on forest trade and marketing [23])<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Beyond timber and income, forest landscapes are central to healthy diets in many parts of the world<\/h4>\n
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\u00a0Although livestock breeding is increasingly a source of protein, wild harvested meat still provides 30-50% of protein intake for many rural communities (more on landscapes and bushmeat in R. Nasi and colleagues\u2019 paper\u00a0 here<\/a>. [24]) Also check out\u00a0 10 things you didn\u2019t know about bushmeat<\/a>. [25])<\/li>\n
\u00a0 In absolute terms, data show that approximately 4.5 million tons of bush meat is extracted annually from the Congo Basin forests alone (read more about\u00a0 food security, nutrition and the role of landscapes<\/a>\u00a0in T. Sunderland et al.\u2019s 2013 discussion paper. [26])<\/li>\n
Keeping large and healthy forests contributes to environmental objectives, but also to food security and nutrition: for example, recent study found that there is a correlation between tree cover and the quality of nearby populations\u2019 diets. See the\u00a0 publication by Ickowitz and colleagues: Dietary quality and tree cover in Africa<\/a>. [27]<\/li>\n
More key facts can be found in the \u201c Forests, Food Security and Nutrition\u201d a CIFOR Factsheet<\/a>. For example, leaves, seeds, nuts, fruits, mushrooms, honey, insects and wild animals \u2014 are rich in micronutrients, even though they tend to contribute only a small amount of caloric energy. Forests are essential in provisioning these resources.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Millions depend on landscapes for their energy needs<\/h4>\n
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Energy is a central part of the functioning of human societies, and landscapes are plentiful sources of energy that millions of people depend on. For example, electricity and heat can be obtained from plant residues and animal wastes, either by burning them directly, or by first producing biogas then burning it. These renewable energy sources usually produce less greenhouse gas emissions than other fuels. They can be effective, for instance in places not connected to the electric grid (more in the\u00a0 Synthesis Report of the International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD)<\/a>. [13]<\/li>\n
Overall, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment estimated that more than 50% of the world\u2019s population relied on solid fuels for cooking and heating (more to be found in the\u00a0 UNEP Millenium Ecosystem Assessment Synthesis Reports)<\/a>. [28]<\/li>\n
Economically, these cannot be overlooked: Fuelwood and charcoal production are estimated to contribute to the income of 20% of Africa\u2019s, while almost 800 million people globally use fuelwood to treat their water by boiling it (more to be found in the CIFOR Factsheet\u00a0 here<\/a>[29]).<\/li>\n
On the global scale, a grand total of 10% of all our energy comes from biomass (for more energy-related facts and figures, see for example the\u00a0 statistics of the International Energy Agency<\/a>[30])<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
Landscapes are crucial for the availability and quality of one our most vital resource: water<\/h4>\n
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Population pressure, alongside evolving lifestyles results in the expectation that global demand for water will grow by 40% by 2030 (find out more in the\u00a0 European Development Report 2013<\/a>, [10] in the\u00a0 UN World Water Development Report<\/a>[31]).<\/li>\n
The amount on the planet to satisfy this growing demand can appear to be scarce: freshwater accounts for only 2.5% of the Earth\u2019s water, and most of it is frozen in glaciers and icecaps. The remaining unfrozen freshwater is mainly found as groundwater, with only a small fraction present above ground or in the air. [31]<\/li>\n
In addition to water for direct human consumption, landscapes such as wetlands \u2013 including swamps, bogs, marshes, and lagoons \u2013 cover 6% of the world\u2019s land surface and play a key role in local ecosystems and water resources. [31] Indeed, wetlands provide natural infrastructure that can help meet a range of policy objectives. Beyond water availability and quality, they are invaluable in supporting climate change mitigation and adaption, support health as well as livelihoods, local development and poverty eradication. Read a detailed account of the numerous ecosystem services they provide in the report:\u00a0 The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity: Water and Wetlands Report<\/a>. [32]<\/li>\n
Forest landscapes also play a crucial role in the provisioning and regulation of water: Forests provide natural filtration and storage systems that supply an estimated 75% of usable water globally. Find more key facts in the\u00a0 CIFOR Factsheet on Forests and Water<\/a>. [33]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Landscapes are natural infrastructures, providing numerous environmental and socio-economic benefits to societies, also known as ecosystem services<\/h4>\n
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Forests and tree cover prevent land degradation and desertification by stabilizing soil, reducing water and wind erosion, and maintaining water and nutrient cycling in the soil.(Read more in this Collaborative Partnership on Forests (CPF)\u00a0 Factsheet<\/a>[34])<\/li>\n
Managing forests in a sustainable manner can lead to important poverty reduction benefits: the sustainable use of goods and services from forests and the development of agroforestry systems have the potential to contribute to poverty reduction, making the rural poor less vulnerable to the impacts of land degradation and desertification. [34]<\/li>\n
However, at present, the loss of vegetation through deforestation and the resultant land degradation and desertification continue to cause biodiversity loss, and contribute to climate change by reducing carbon sequestration. [34]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Landscapes are key interfaces in the climate system, acting both as GHG sinks, and sources<\/h4>\n
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As a source of greenhouse gases, deforestation and forest degradation cause an estimated 17.4% of global GHG emissions. [34]<\/li>\n
However, the world\u2019s existing forests are a large and persistent carbon sink, sequestering an estimated 0.4-2.4 Gt of carbon per year in the period 1990-2007, which was more than 7% of total annual GHG in 2004 (more on forests as carbon sinks in Pan et al.\u2019s\u00a0 publication<\/a>. [35])<\/li>\n
\u00a0Overall, as shown by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u2019s 5th<\/span>\u00a0Asessment Report,\u00a0 land use sectors cause one third of our greenhouse gas emissions<\/a>.[36]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Landscapes are the home to the world\u2019s species and harbor the diversity of living beings \u2013 Landscapes and biodiversity<\/h4>\n
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Forests harbor an estimated 75% of all terrestrial plant and animal species, the majority in tropical forests (find more facts on\u00a0 forest biodiversity<\/a>\u00a0with this CBD Press information [37]).<\/li>\n
Beyond the intrinsic value of biodiversity, the diversity of living things is absolutely essential to ecosystems and to humans, including for their food security. On the topic, see for example:\u00a0 Food security: Why is biodiversity important?<\/a>[38]<\/li>\n
Biodiverse multi-functional landscapes are more resilient to extreme weather effects and can provide a \u201cnatural insurance policy against climate change\u201d<\/em>\u00a0(read Greenpeace\u2019s account of how forest biodiversity can help address food security and climate change, by\u00a0Cotter and Tirado, 2008<\/a>[39])<\/li>\n
To find out about the global trends in world biodiversity, download the\u00a0 CBD Global Biodiversity Outlook 3<\/a>. [40]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Landscapes approaches are about multi-stakeholder governance, and inclusivity of all groups especially traditionally marginalized ones. Many challenges and untapped opportunities remain to be addressed.<\/h4>\n
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An estimated 60 million indigenous people who are almost wholly dependent on forests today and the 350 million people who live in or close to forests (more in the CBD\u2019s forestry good practice guide,\u00a0 here<\/a>). [41]<\/li>\n
\u00a0For example, less than 2% of forest in Africa is legally owned or designated for use by forest communities or indigenous groups. This is a widespread problem. In Indonesia, for example, 33,000 villages are located inside the legally designated forest estate (all of which is owned by the state), arguably making them illegal. (Find our more with the CPF factsheet on sustainable forest management and indigenous peoples, accessible\u00a0 here<\/a>[42])<\/li>\n
Although women comprise up to 80% of farmers in sub-Saharan Africa and 60% in Asia, ratios that are increasing due to male out-migration and moves towards off-farm sources of income, their access and control over land and resources is generally inferior to that of men in the same household or community (see the publication by\u00a0 Mathur, 2011<\/a>, on women and food security).[43]<\/li>\n
Better inclusion of women in landscape governance presents an opportunity to seize: enhanced women\u2019s participation in decision-making committees in community forest institutions has been shown to improve forest governance and resource sustainability (find more detail in Bina Agarwarl\u2019s\u00a0 publication- \u201cGender and forest conservation: The impact of women\u2019s participation in community forest governance\u201d<\/a>\u00a0. [44])<\/li>\n
Further, it has been shown that women in forest communities derive half of their income from forests, while men derive only a third (more to be found in the FAO Gender and Agriculture Sourcebook\u00a0 here<\/a>. [45])<\/li>\n
Regarding scales of governance, research supports the idea that particular attention should be given to transferring power downwards, to the local level. Indeed, data on 80 forest commons in ten countries show that larger forest size and greater decision-making authority at the local level is associated with high carbon storage and livelihood benefits (view the publication: \u201cTrade-offs and synergies between carbon storage and livelihood benefits from forest commons\u201d<\/a>[46] \u2013\u00a0 find more publications and datasets on forest commons in developing countries through the International Forestry Resources and Institutions (IFRI) website<\/a>. [47])<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Investing in landscapes amounts to investing in a better future<\/h4>\n
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Investing in agriculture and agricultural research is important in order to achieve better productivity in landscapes. Currently, crop yields have fallen in many regions primarily due to declining investments in agricultural research, irrigation and infrastructure. For example, it is estimated that the lack of agricultural development investment has led to yield declines in Africa of ca.10% since 1960 (See Rosegrant and Cline\u2019s paper about global food security challenges\u00a0 here<\/a>[48], Read more about Africa\u2019s untapped potential for global agriculture with a Worldwatch Institute blog post\u00a0 here<\/a>. [49])<\/li>\n
Global initiatives such as REDD+ are aiming to drive investment towards landscape-scale sustainable management of forests, but many efforts are still needed. Read more about\u00a0 Green Economy investments and reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+)<\/a>in the report by the UNEP-hosted International Resource Panel.<\/li>\n
Multiple benefits can be achieved through investment in landscape restoration. For example, according to the Program on Forests (PROFOR), \u201cSome tree-based investments could be improved upon to better deliver both profits and ecological benefits; for example, integrating high-value trees into tree crop systems<\/em>\u201d (View the complete document here:\u00a0Investment in Landscape Restoration in Africa<\/a>. [50])<\/li>\n
\u00a0The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) also provides numerous\u00a0 Factsheets<\/a>\u00a0related to investment in sustainable landscapes. [51]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
A multitude of policies and approaches fit under the umbrella of landscape approaches<\/h4>\n
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Tree-Based Ecosystem Approaches (TBEAs) include a variety of land and forestry management systems and practices that combine trees with agricultural production, in pursuit of sustained or increased productivity, enhanced ecosystem services supply, and a stronger adaptive capacity for land managers. Access the in-depth publication by Willemen and colleagues\u00a0 here<\/a>. [52]<\/li>\n
For useful information about landscape\/forest restoration projects and programs, see for example the\u00a0 WRI Blog Series: New perspectives on restoration<\/a>. [53]<\/li>\n
\u00a0Regarding the challenges and options for producing food near and in forests, have a look at the World Agroforestry Centre\u2019s outputs and publications\u00a0 here<\/a>[54].<\/li>\n
The FAO\u00a0 Climate-Smart Agriculture<\/a>\u00a0Sourcebook is a useful resource for information about climate-friendly farming policies and practice. [55]<\/li>\n
Check out the International Water Management Institute (IWMI)\u00a0 Water Policy briefs<\/a>for summaries of water management challenges and solutions. [56]<\/li>\n
Valuable facts and figures can also be found with the\u00a0 Sustainable Forest Management factsheet collection from the Collaborative Partnership on Forests (CPF)<\/a>. [20]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Latin American landscapes embody key challenges at the interface of natural resources, society, and global issues<\/h4>\n
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21% of the Greater Amazonia region is under some form of mining concession or exploitation. The region generates 70% of the GDP of the 5 countries that share it. Simultaneously, the region is crucial to water security, a service valued in the billions of dollars. Read more in the landmark report, \u201cAmazonia Security Agenda\u201d [57]\u00a0 and a\u00a0 digested version<\/a>on the ForestsClimateChange portal. [58]<\/li>\n
Agribusiness, ranching, small-scale agriculture, commercial logging, traditional agro-extractive activities all compete for land and drive deforestation on the continent. Find an analysis of trends and challenges in this CIFOR infobrief<\/a>. [59]<\/li>\n
Cross-sectorial issues are particularly present in the Latin American context. Many options exist to balance multiple and seemingly competing goals, as shown in the following\u00a0 publication: \u201cIntegrating Agricultural Landscapes with Biodiversity Conservation in the Mesoamerican Hotspot<\/a>\u201d [60]<\/li>\n
Land use in Latin America is in part driven by the large scale dynamics of globalization. Therefore, some researchers content that \u201cLand-use efficiency should be analyzed beyond the local-based paradigm that drives most conservation programs, and focus on large geographic scales involving long-distance fluxes of products, information, and people in order to maximize both agricultural production and the conservation of environmental services<\/em>\u201d.\u00a0<\/em>Read the complete publicationhere<\/a>. [61]<\/li>\n
Over 550 million hectares of deforested and degraded lands in Latin America offer opportunities for restoration, according to the Global Partnership on Forest and Landscape Restoration \u2013 find out more\u00a0 here<\/a>. [62]<\/li>\n
How successful are landscape approaches in the LAC region? Find out with the following\u00a0 publication: \u201cIntegrated landscape management for agriculture, rural livelihoods, and ecosystem conservation: An assessment of experience from Latin America and the Caribbean<\/a>\u201d [63]<\/li>\n
For more resources on Latin American landscapes, check out\u00a0 CATIE\u2019s website<\/a>\u00a0(including publications in Spanish) [64]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Other landscape resources and datasets<\/h3>\n
In addition to the references provided in the previous section, the following resources and datasets could be useful to find compelling facts and figures about landscapes and landscape approaches.<\/p>\n
Please note that this list is indicative \u2013 we strongly encourage participants to draw upon (a) multiple disciplines, areas of work, sectoral information and sources featured here, and (b) facts, figures and data not included on this page.<\/p>\n
You can use,\u00a0 Zanran<\/a>, a search engine designed to find data and statistics, is an effective tool to research more statistics and datasets.<\/p>\n
Global Landscapes Forum Partner resources<\/h4>\n
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\u00a0 World Resources Institute datasets<\/a>\u00a0[65]<\/li>\n
\u00a0 World Bank data on agriculture and rural development<\/a>[66]<\/li>\n
\u00a0 CGIAR Living Data resources<\/a>[67]<\/li>\n
CIFOR \u201cBest of 2013\u201d materials<\/a>[68]<\/li>\n
UNEP Millenium Ecosystem Assessment Synthesis Reports<\/a>[28]<\/li>\n
Forests Climate Change portal<\/a>[69]<\/li>\n
\u00a0 FAOSTAT\u00a0<\/a>[18]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Other sources of data<\/h4>\n
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\u00a0 Landscapes for Food, People and Nature \u2013 Find numerous case studies about landscape approaches here<\/a>[70]<\/li>\n
The Global Partnership on Landscape and Forest Restoration\u00a0 resources<\/a>\u00a0offer many insights in the challenges and opportunities of restoration. [71]<\/li>\n
European Environment Agency datasets<\/a>\u00a0[72]<\/li>\n
Harvard Dataverse Network: Scientific data search engine developed by Harvard University<\/a>[73]<\/li>\n
Health data\u00a0:\u00a0 World Bank health data<\/a>, [74]\u00a0 World Health organization data<\/a>[75]<\/li>\n
A wealth of water data can be found by searching the IWMI\u2019s\u00a0 data archive\u00a0 here<\/a>. [76]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
Click here to download the full list of cited references.<\/a><\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
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